Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq share a multifaceted and contradictory relationship, characterized by a blend of collaboration and confrontation. Iran has been a supporter of Kurdish autonomy and rights in Iraq, fostering close economic and cultural ties with Kurdish authorities and parties. Nevertheless, Iran has also opposed Kurdish aspirations for independence in Iraq and has intervened in the internal affairs and politics of the Kurdish region.
Iran's engagement with the Kurdistan Region of Iraq heightened following the emergence of the Islamic State (IS) in 2014, posing a common threat to both Iran and the Kurds. Iran extended military and financial aid to the Kurdish forces, known as the Peshmerga, in their struggle against IS. Additionally, Iran played a mediating role in resolving power struggles and disputes among Kurdish factions, notably between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK).
Despite these efforts, Iran's influence in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq has faced resistance from certain Kurdish groups, accusing Iran of pursuing its own interests and undermining Kurdish sovereignty and democracy. This influence has also raised concerns among the US and its European allies, considering Iran a regional rival and security threat. The US and Europe have supported the Kurdish forces in their fight against IS, provided training and humanitarian aid, and encouraged Kurdish integration into the Iraqi state.
The recent escalation of tensions in January 2024 between Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq triggered a series of attacks and clashes. These events included a rocket attack on Erbil International Airport, a US drone strike on an Iranian-backed militia convoy, cross-border shelling by Iranian Revolutionary Guards, and a Peshmerga counter-attack. The US and Europe condemned Iran's actions, emphasizing their support for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and urging a diplomatic resolution to the conflict.
Iran, in response, denied wrongdoing and accused the US and its allies of destabilizing the region. Iran called for the withdrawal of US and coalition forces and emphasized its regional rights and role. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq expressed gratitude for international support, criticized the Iraqi government and international community for neglecting the Iranian threat, and affirmed its commitment to defending its territory.
The implications of the issue are significant, potentially impacting the stability of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the broader region. The future direction hinges on the actions of key players, including the US, Europe, Iran, and other involved parties. Choices made by these actors will determine whether the situation deteriorates, leading to increased suffering, or if opportunities for dialogue, cooperation, and peace emerge. The international community's role, especially in addressing humanitarian concerns, remains crucial in shaping the prospects for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the broader region.